Global Financial Crisis Essay

The current global financial crisis which became prominently visible during September of 2008 is considered by most economists and world leaders the worst kind since the Great Depression. It is equated with the failure in conservatorship of the many financial institutions based in the United States of America. The US is considered the most powerful and the wealthiest nation or country in the whole world that every change that occurs can affect the current status of different countries. The failures committed by the US financial firms have evolved into global crisis affecting the financial stability of different continents like Europe and Asia. In Europe, bank failures and decline in various stock indexes are experienced. Also a large reduction in market values of equities and commodities in the world market occurred. Around the world, the United States of America is very influential and is the most prominent country in the world. One proof of this is the currently finished presidential election of 2008. Each and every nation in the world had their bets on who is going to attain victory between the two candidates running for office. The whole world is not taking their eyes of on who will win between John McCain, a white candidate and Barrack Obama, a black candidate. Not only the people of the US are excited in the incoming results but every person, mostly world leaders, are anticipating on the victory of the republican and the one who is craving for change. McCain is the presidential candidate that every person sees as someone who will continue the way current president George Bush rules the country while Obama, the other presidential candidate who claims of bringing change in the way the US should be governed. Every community supporting both presidential candidates becomes very vocal on who to put into office. But, the end of every fight comes and the black community and the rest of the United States have spoken putting someone who is craving for change in the position making Obama the first black president of the most influential nation worldwide. Obama attaining victory has inspired a lot of people, making it possible for every person to gain what they mostly wanted and in this moment, change is still possible or change can still be perceived. What is the connection between the current global financial crisis which is considered the major crisis after Great Depression and the just finished presidential elections? Well, the effect of every step that the country is taking affects other countries’ situation. On how the new president will govern the country and how he will offer help to other countries is what every nation is expecting from the most prominent nation in the world. While, the current global financial crisis have started in the failure of the United States which is now affecting the whole world is also very influential but in a very negative way for some other countries. Global financial crisis is mostly equated, or can be treated as economic crisis because the causes and the effects of the said crisis are mainly economic and mostly on the financial stability and the economic state of the country. Economic and financial stabilities can be the changes in prices of commodities, bank failures or unemployment. Some of the causes which lead to the global financial crisis are the following: (1) high commodity prices, (2) trade, (3) inflation, (4) unemployment, (5) return of volatility, and (6) economic governance. High commodity prices can be mostly seen in the purchase of food and oil. Food is very first in the list because it is the main need of every person. The family should have enough food to eat every day to maintain the health of every person. Food is the number one need of every person in order to live. Oil follows food in the list since it is the most exported and imported commodity in the world since most nations are not capable of producing oil while other nations are experiencing a surplus of oil. But the price of oil in the world market have reached $147 which led to the increase of oil prices in every country importing oil and the rise in other prime commodities has followed. Inflation is also present due to excess money supply around the world, speculation in commodities, agricultural failure, rise in the cost of imports and the rise in the demand for food and commodities. Unemployment is also considered one of the causes. The number of graduates or those people looking for jobs is growing largely each year while the number of jobs available does not increase as fast as the number of jobless people. It can be perceived that in the coming year, there will be 20 million people losing their jobs due to the financial crisis. These people who will lose jobs are mostly from the construction, real estate, financial services and auto sectors and industry. Economic governance is also important since it dictates how the economy of the country should be managed not only in time when the economy is stable but also when economic instability becomes unstoppable. How world leaders and economic advisors handle the situation is very important especially in the US because whatever decision they make will not only be perceived by the nation but also of different and other nations around the world that are mostly dependent on the US economic state. The global financial crisis can result to recession, rise in unemployment rate and liquidity crisis. Just after the 2008 US presidential election, leaders of the United States admitted that the country is in recession. This means that the economy is not stable as well as the financial capability of the country. This is the worst that can happen to the most influential country in the world since most of the countries in the world are depending on the economic changes that will be happening in the US for economic changes in their countries to also occur. Another worst effect that can be expected if the crisis will not be stopped is the rise in the unemployment rate all over the world. Major companies will be experiencing problems in their balance sheets that may result to the company closing down or laying off a number of workers. The global financial crisis may result in the economy slowing down and jobs will surely be affected. In what way? Investors might be experiencing emotions in the presence of paper based losses and there will be a visible decline in wealth. The state of the investment can experience a bad state that will choose to either close down or be taken over y competitors. Major companies can also result in selling their shares of stock because of the liquidity crisis. In this moment, banks will not be willing to lend money to other banks to protect the money and assets that their investors and depositors have trusted them. It will be a big risk for banks to lend money to other banks since some banks are already experiencing bankruptcy. Another thing is that importing and exporting products from other countries will be costly that the exportation and importation rates can be slowed down. In the exporting country, the commodity prices will be experiencing a decline. The exportation process slowing down, there will be lower prices for goods and services. The presence of the major global financial crisis has forced policymakers to focus on the problem well and come up with reforms that will address the problem encountered due to the crisis. Some policymakers had come up with reforming the global financial system in order to address the problem. World leaders and economic advisors have already conducted meetings regarding the global financial crisis talking about possible steps to address the problem itself and the problems that rooted to from the major crisis. The global financial crisis may have dangerous consequences mainly to the urban and rural poor, the labor sector and women and other marginalized sector of the society. These sectors are the most vulnerable to the changes that will be brought by the crisis so the country must first focus on these sectors. Policies focusing and protecting these sectors must be implemented to avoid involuntary hunger and unemployment rate. Since these are expected to be the most affected by the crisis, the state should be able to implement policies regarding social protection of these sectors. Companies who are mostly managing and holding these sectors must consider the state of the workers before deciding to lay-off workers. The most possible way is to offer lower salary for the workers if some of them will not agree to being removed from the job. The lower the salary, the greater the possibility for the owners to pay all the workers and there will be no problems regarding formation of unions because of the removal of employees. The companies just need to talk it over to their employees before making a move because the laborers will be the most affected sector. Investors and depositors are starting to save money on their own than putting them on the banks since there are a number of banks experiencing difficulties in maintaining their balance sheets which can result to bankruptcy. Most of these investors and depositors are afraid to trust the banks to take care of their money due to the fact that when the crisis ill become bigger, they will have no money to spend on their basic needs. In this way, the state can talk to the central bank in lending money to banks that need most of the supplies of money to adhere to the customers’ needs and wants. Investors and depositors still have the rights to their investments. The state should also allocate budget for basic services. Long term plans are not possible at this very moment of crisis since as time passes by the number of people who might be experiencing difficulties due to the crisis is rising. The state should not focus on what can be done for the future but focus more on what can be done today to address the current issues brought about by the global financial crisis. Short-term goals are more advised right now since there is a need for a quick recovery for other people especially the ones belonging to the lower-income groups, they are the most affected anyway. Overseas workers have been laid-off because some companies are securing jobs for their own country men. Overseas workers should not just be removed from their work; even though they are not from the country they should be given the same right as every worker in the country has. Protection of these workers should also be implemented since most of them are taking jobs that the citizens of the country cannot take to get as jobs since most of them see the jobs very low. The global financial crisis might bring something unexpected to the country. As some economists have already perceived the rise in unemployment rate, liquidity crisis and recession might occur. Some may say that this is uncontrollable yet certain measures must be taken to address the problem at the present. Short time goals are the most advised at this moment. s

Monopoly and Oligopoly Essay

Monopoly and Oligopoly Essay The Main characteristics of an oligopoly are that the supply of a product or products is concentrated in the hands of a few large suppliers, there could be thousands of small suppliers but the market is mainly dominated by around 4 or 5 large firms. For example firms Tesco, Asda, Sainburys and Morrisons, these are the 4 main supermarkets in the UK but there are thousands of small corner shops who provide some of the same goods the supermarkets do. Another characteristics of an oligopoly is interdependence, this is when the actions of one large firm will directly affect another large firm of the same market. For example during the Christmas period Tesco lowered the price on certain alcoholic drinks to pull customer in to the stores to buy their Christmas food shopping, Asda then followed suit and did the exact same thing with the same products. On the other hand if firms raised their prices the other firm are very unlikely to copy, the other firm are more likely to advertise the fact they are now cheaper in the hope of gaining a bigger share of the market. However there is a tendency for firms to collude and agree to raise prices together, this maintains their abnormal profits and ensure no one loses. This behaviour is illegal in the UK and the EU and firm’s caught doing this will be heavily fined. {draw:frame} Oligopoly’s are a few firm dominating a market,a monopoly is a single firm dominating a market or being a sole supplier of a market, this is called a pure monopoly. An example of a pure monopoly would be Scottish water; they are the sole provider to every household in Scotland of running water. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} For any firm profit is a must for a business to survive, firms will look in to other parts of a market to gain potential profits. For a firm to move into a particular sector of a market there would have to be good roles of profit. A firm would have to get a good return on their investment, the higher the risk and longer a firmhas to wait to earn a potential return on their capital, the greater the minimum required return on their investment they will demand. For a firm to move in to a particular sector,firms would also have to consider if this would attract new investors. If the firm was going to make a quick return on its investment this would attract more investors as they would gain higher amount of dividends on their investment.

Book Review of A National Party No More

C. he claims that he had hoped that he would find Washington to be â€Å"the place where great issues of the day are debated and solved, and great giants walk those hallowed halls.† Instead he discovered what Washington D.C. was not at all like he had hoped and this angered him â€Å"on behalf of Americans† (Miller 8). In his career Miller has served the State of Georgia as an administrator of a number of â€Å"vital agencies, as an assistant to two governors, as head of the State Democratic Party, as Lieutenant Governor, and then as Governor† (Miller introduction no page number). He also served in the Georgia State Senate from 1965-1969. He failed in his attempts to run for the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia. In addition Miller served in the U.S. Marine Corps and has taught at four different colleges. It is worth noting that the majority of these positions are executive positions not legislative positions so serving as Georgia’s United States Senator put him into a relatively unknown form of government where he lacked extensive experience and none on the national level. It appears somewhat incongruous that a marine would be a lifelong Democrat since military personnel currently tend to lean toward the Republican Party. Although Miller served only three years in the Corps it is clear that his experiences affected him greatly because he has written a book Corp Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned in the Marines.† Miller’s book was occasioned by his experiences in the U.S. Senate beginning in 2000, in combination with his advanced age. Miller was born in 1932 according the reverse side of the title page. The book was published in 2003 so Miller was 70 or 71 at the time his book was published. This is certainly not an issue of itself, but one wonders if Miller would make the same claims he had entered the same Senate at the age of forty or fifty. Miller alludes to this when he writes that he has â€Å"arrived at a station in life where I hear the whistle of that moral policeman we all have to answer to . . .† (Miller 1). He takes the occasion to advise â€Å"members of my Democratic Party and other politicians who are so far out of touch with regular Americans to ‘shape up'† (Miller 2). This position, that tacitly assumes he is correct while other party members who disagree with him are wrong, is strongly reminiscent of an elderly gentleman on the brink of retirement who climbs on a soapbox to â€Å"straighten out† the next generation. This is not to say Miller does not make some good points, he just does not prove them nor give the reader sufficient information to determine if Mill is correct. The book suffers significantly because it has no notes, no bibliography and no index. Consequently the reader has no opportunity to check either the statements Miller makes as being either true or false. Many of his claims are supported by anecdotal evidence based on his memory of what happened throughout his career. Miller calls himself a Conservative Democrat, an unusual designation, but not an illogical one. Despite this he is known to have been a supporter of President George W. Bush and announced in 2003 that he would support the Presidents re-election. He spoke at the Republican National Convention in 2004 in support of the President. Such actions hardly indicate a lifelong Democrat. Miller criticizes the Democrat Party because the leaders, he claims, have ignored the opinions of Conservative Democrats in the South, about one-third of the U.S. population, and have told them to â€Å"go to hell† (Miller 9). He appears to assume that all Democrats in the South are Conservative Democrats because he is one and that they all agree with him. He fails to mention the non-conservative Democrats in the South and seems to assume there are none. Miller concludes the Democrat leadership disagrees with Southern Democrats on the critical issues of â€Å"capital punishment, late-term abortion (even with a lot of pro-choice people), trying juveniles as adults, national defense, and the teaching of values in school† (Miller 3). Miller’s reasoning process is suspect for a variety of reasons. First, it is not clear that these are the critical issues, at least on a national level. Capital punishment has been left up to the states and should not be regarded as a national issue, as are abortion laws as long as laws do not restrict a woman’s right to control of her own body. Trying of juveniles as an adult does not seem to be a national issue either nor should it be. The current system presumes juveniles will not be tried as adults unless there are significant overriding reasons for doing so. The decision of where to try a juvenile is judged on a case-by-case basis which is as it should be. As far as the teaching of values as a national issue, it is clearly an important issue that impacts people throughout the country, but the Federal Government has no basis to determine what values should be taught. Miller seems to have completely forgotten the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution that reserves to the states any powers not delegated to the federal government and not prohibited to the states shall be a state power. It is apparent that many of these critical issues are state issues. National defense clearly is a national issue, but federal taxes, the deficit, Medicare, and Social Security benefits are as well, but Miller doesn’t mention these issues. Miller’s has a rambling and folksy writing style that slips from story to story and slides from point to point in a chaotic fashion that defies linear analysis. He chooses his anecdotes by cherry picking stories that will reinforce his position even if they are not related to the Democratic Party; on page 145 Miller quotes The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Winston Churchill, and Rodney King on the same page in support of a chapter entitled â€Å"Give to Bigotry No Sanction.† Certainly a case can be made for citing Rodney King, but the other two sources were clearly not written in support of civil rights in the United States. To his credit Miller admits mistakes he has made during his career. He points out that during 1964 he had â€Å"proclaimed that there should be an ‘investigation of Communist infiltration in the civil rights movement.’ What an idiot!† (Miller 143). This is remarkably refreshing given the current climate of politicians who consistently hide what they have done and deny they have done it until they are proven to have done it when they will admit and ask for forgiveness. On the other hand this begs the question as to just how much credence one ought to place in the writings of a self-proclaimed idiot. Miller claims that the Democratic Party no longer represents the majority of Americans and has become distinctly too liberal in relation to the United States’ population as a whole. This is an interesting position. Miller does not claim the leadership is wrong on issues, just that they disagree with Southern Conservative Democrats such as himself. This leaves the possibility open that the leadership is correct and the membership is wrong, but Miller fails to allow for this possibility. If this proves to be the case, it appears that Miller is advocating that the Democratic Party concern itself, not with the correct solution, but with gaining power again. A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat is largely not successful. His conclusion has merit but his treatment of the issues is inferior. The lack of references is a major weakness that could be easily corrected. Miller’s failure to move in a linear, logical fashion in favor of using a disjointed, episodic style greatly reduces the effectiveness of Miller’s writing. Rather than being the scathing indictment he hopes to provide that will help the Democratic Party, Miller’s book feels more like a farewell by a statesman whose party has evolved while he has not. His gloom and doom predictions for the Democratic Party made in 2004 proved him incorrect since the Democratic once again gained the majority in both houses. Although Miller makes some interesting points that have validity, his book should be read with circumspection. Works Cited Barnes, Fred. â€Å"Zell Miller Endorses Bush.† 29 Nov. 2003. The Daily Standard. 20 April 2007. Miller, Zell. A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat. Atlanta: Stroud and Hall Publishing, 2003. â€Å"Text Of Zell Miller’s RNC Speech.†Ã‚   01 September 2004. CBS News. 20 April 2007   ;http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/01/politics/ main640299.shtml;.

Journal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal - Coursework Example While some people exhibited high level of self-management as a result of supportive workplace and family along with personal capabilities, there are others who showed psychological problems like denial and also were constrained by socio-economic problems. According to the authors, self-management is â€Å"hard work, and is enabled or constrained by economic, material and socio-cultural conditions within the family, workplace and community† (p.83). The study concluded that different factors influence the self-management of people ranging from personal capabilities at micro level, accessibility of healthcare services at meso level to socio-economic conditions at macro level. The importance of self-management for diabetes patients cannot be ignored. For its effectiveness, the need is that people remain aware of the negatives impacts of the disease along with knowledge about available healthcare resources. It is necessary that clinicians prepare the patients to deal with chronic disease on daily basis so that they can accordingly change their behavior for positive outcomes. One common issue associated with older adults is falls, and although this can be the result of multiple factors, Deborah Mayne, Nigel R. Stout and Terry J. Aspray (2010) in their article have studied the extent of the impact of diabetes and associated complications on falls of older patients. In UK, it has been estimated that 40 percent of older diabetic patients who are over 65 years suffer from falls every year, and in Scotland almost 86 percent of fractures occur due to falls. It has been further estimated that diabetic patients have 1.5 to 12 times more possibility of hip fracture than non-diabetic patients. According to the authors, orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a principle factor for falls, and this phenomenon is common among 10 percent of diabetic patients.

My New Small Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

My New Small Business Plan - Essay Example colates as well as to offer efficient and friendly services throughout our retail and confectionary market outlets because customer satisfaction is imperative. The priority of our chocolate products is given to customer satisfaction by providing right service along with right information at right time and right place. The main target audience of Cloud7 will be women and school children. Women play a vital role in chocolate market as they are the largest purchasers of chocolates either for home consumption or for giving gifts. The most remarkable fact about UK chocolate market is that people over 55years of age consume chocolate worth 700 pounds every year, which accounts to be 21% of the total chocolate consumption. Consumer’s eating habits and lifestyles are constantly changing as general public due to busy life schedule depend mostly on chocolates and short snacks to make up for missed meals. Even though few have concerns and awareness about sugar and fat in chocolate, they regard it to be an affordable daily treat. In recent years, chewing small treat chocolate has been one of more dynamic sectors with in the confectionary market, especially in United Kingdom. The latest reports show that people in the UK consume larger number of chocolates than in any other European country and their love of chocolates and sweets continue to flourish day by day. It was accounted that UK consumed 30% or more of the total chocolate consumption in Europe, that comes around 660 900 tonnes per year. Chocolate confectionary accounted for 70% of the total sales value in the UK market and the per capita chocolate consumption was valued as 11.25kg per person. For a new chocolate brand Cloud7, it would be a tough time to get a market where the competition is fierce and is dominated by multinational companies like Cadbury, Mars and Nestle who fight each other to keep hold of their profitable portions of this  £5.3bn market. For the last five years, Cadbury had been very strong and

Own career development Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Own career development - Personal Statement Example I present in the remainder of this document, my recollections of how I ventured in to my vocation as a Guidance Counselor, comparing my specific case with theories of career development (Career Development, 2003). I conclude with inferences which I use for graduate students who seek my professional help. Informality has marked my progress towards the career. Theories which state that the value of work should be taught in the pre-school years (Career Development, 2003,) and that a relationship has to be made so early in life between education and a career, seem to escape my memory, if at all my parents subscribed to such concepts. This pattern continues as I reflect on my years in school, all the way from kindergarten to when I was ready for college. The post secondary education phase (Career Development, 2003) was an inflexion point for my career. Many of my peers sought vocational training at this time, and only a minority sought college education. We all tried our hands at odd jobs and assignments during this time, but I cannot recall even considering regular employment. This could have been because my family had more than adequate means to provide for my higher education. I do not recall much formal counseling even at this time, though teachers did speak well of my intellectual abilities and potential, and my parents let me know that they would support anything that I wished to do. My choice of college and course was determined largely by peer pressure, though it was all friendly and non-invasive. Adulthood as defined in career development theory (Career Development, 2003) was a defining phase for my career choice. My abilities and weaknesses came in to sharp focus at this time, and I developed a sense of urgency to earn enough to start a family of my own. An older sibling advised me strongly against directions suggested by counselors at college, and I recall being uncertain of which direction to take. I am not yet sure whether I made the right choice for my graduate education, though I am now happily reconciled to my professional situation as a Guidance Counselor. I understand career development theory to advocate a much earlier initiation in to formal planning, and a structured approach to counseling, almost from the inception of cognition (Career Development, 2003). I seem to have escaped with a more carefree child hood, and transited from home to kindergarten and from there to various Grades of school, in almost casual manner! I am not aware that I am much worse off for it, though the career development theory does make a lot of sense when I interact with many graduate students today. Influences Why might I have escaped rather lightly, even though my parents and school teachers did not implement the career development theories of today, during my student days, in structured and formal ways The reasons, on my reflection, seem to lie in strong influences under which I grew up. It may be that my memory is weak and I recall these influences without being able to relate them to formal counseling. Nevertheless, I find my recollections to be useful in understanding how I evolved in to becoming a Guidance Counselor. There were 3 strong influences, which I feel shaped my career choice, though they

Exercise #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercise #4 - Essay Example The direct action approach proposed by King is considered be effective and capable of resulting in negotiations. King uses his own authority as the person who has been president of Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The size of the organisation which king heads, seeks to establish the credibility of kings authority. His audience comprises of fellow clergymen ad these people all have a previous understanding of the issues being discussed. The arguments fall into the categories of general and dismissal of evidence contexts. The general appeal is presented by his arguments and presentation of authority as leader of an organization. The presentation of various facts in a different situation indicates the dismissal of evidence. Pathos refers a figurative speech which is aimed at appealing to the emotions of the audience and it is one of the most powerful strategies of public speaking. It provides a way through which the author uses to demonstrate agreement with an underlying issues with the audience. Logos refers to the presentation of a logical argument which seeks to appeal to the understanding of the audience about a topic. The presentation of logical information which is based on facts makes the speaker to look knowledgeable on the subject under discussion. While it is a strong strategy for building credibility among the audience, many facts can confuse the audience. Ethos refers to the form of appeal which seeks to establish the authority and credibility of the author to the audience. It seeks to present the author as someone who is well qualified to speak on the topic being discussed. It is a strategy which enables the author to demonstrate the mastery of the subject. King uses logos and pathos as the two most effective strategies in persuading his audience in the letter which he has written. There are various facts which king presents within

Discussion based on the east asia crisis Assignment

Discussion based on the east asia crisis - Assignment Example The international monetary fund (IMF) and world bank had not surveyed the abundant achievements of the area. According to Stilgitz, this may have resulted due to the East Asia rejections to follow western policies such as the Washington consensus so as to attain success (Stiglitz 89-99). Stiglitz discusses two patterns. The devaluation of the nation’s currency which occurred frequently all over the area. If a merchant believes a currency will devaluate they sell their stocks of that money, this leads currency to devalue since the supply of money rises while demand does not. The government also spends its foreign currency reserves to pile up its own currency until it gets exhausted of the reserves, either way the currency falls in value. This case was mainly in Thailand(Stiglitz 99-111). The second pattern was realized after the end of the Korean War. The country reformed its economy by tightly controlling its financial markets. After much pressure from the United States it reluctantly allowed its firm to borrow from aboard, this borrowing from the abroad exposed themselves to the vagaries of the international market. The Withdrawal of the World Bank from lending it caused its downfall in the economy (Stiglitz 99-111). IMF had a role of lending the money to the East Asia countries. But it did it at a higher interest rate, cutbacks in government spending and increase in taxes. Other additional conditions a county was mandated to make increase in openness and transparency and improve in the financial market as well as minor reforms such as abolition of the clove monopoly in Indonesia. Moreover, the idea of the capital account liberation without evidence that such policies promote growth was the one of most important factor to the cause of the crisis. This made the developing nations subject to both rational and irrational whims of the investor community. The Beggar-thyself

Patient safety officer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patient safety officer - Essay Example e that standards of the institution are maintained to meet the needs of the client, and continuous improvement of systems in response to hazards that may occur are important in patient safety. By developing the hospital staff through trainings, workshops, drills, et cetera, there will be improvement in rendering care towards clients. Responsibilities of the patient safety officer include overseeing if standards for safety are followed, taking action for hazards, and facilitating staff development activities. As a responsibility of health care institutions to prevent patients from acquiring hospital-associated infections (HAI), infection control programs are given importance in hospitals. Recent studies propose that the use of evidenced-based practices (EBPs) can help prevent HAIs (Yokoe & Classen, 2008, p.S3). In addition, monitoring of performance based on patient outcomes are recommended evaluative measures. Documentation of infections that occur, if any, as well as the outcomes of EBPs application are important ways to â€Å"improve care and as a means to enable customers to choose safer care† (p.S6). In the United States, the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Health care Organizations directs the participation of health care facilities in hazard surveillance rounds (Prezant, et al., p.92). This is done to assess compliance gaps and identify hazardous conditions, performed semiannually in hospitals and annually in clinics (p.92). It is the duty of the safety officer or manager to lead the activity, record the process, report data, and facilitate improvements with the safe committee (p.92). Risks or hazards identified are managed according to the four Ts strategy of terminating, treating, transferring, and tolerating which may also be adapted in health care. Termination can be done either by making changes in materials used or terminating the operation associated with the risk (Stephans, 2004, p.121). Treatment is performed by applying controls that

Answer the question 7 and 10 on the case study Essay

Answer the question 7 and 10 on the case study - Essay Example At present, it can be said that they are following an autocratic style of working at Cedar Tech. Research & Understanding of Group Decision Making: Group decision making is thought to be better than individual decision making in the sense that it is generally thought that two heads are better than one. Group decisions are more comprehensive, there is more input involved in the decision making process and heterogeneity and diversity in the decision can be expected. The above approaches can be used to ensure that the groups perform effectively. The work groups can be made by employing various techniques. For example groups of 2-4 can be made within a department and collective target should be assigned to that group. The individual roles & responsibilities of the group members should be assigned according to the individual strengths and capabilities of the individuals. This would also match the current culture of Ceder Tech which is already defined to be task oriented. The group discussions are criticized as a decision making means because of their inefficiency. However, if the following twelve steps to make group meetings effective are followed, groups can be highly productive: Current Conditions: At present decision making seems to be on a day to day, ad hoc basis and there is no as such strategic planning process involved. The President & CEO is expediting an extremer level of control, even in daily, operational decision making. There is no delegation. The managers need to be given authority to make decisions. Goal(s) The management goals are to motivate their employees including the mangers to support them in future. Without empowerment, the management is not satisfied. In order words to achieve this goal, the managers need to be given authority. It is proposed that only in circumstances where decisions are of a confidential and strategic nature, decision making has to be taken at the top level Vice Presidents, CEO and Directors will make the decision. In cases where a single individual (at a higher level) has

Electrical conductor Essay Example for Free

Electrical conductor Essay This would increase the resistance of the wire. Another reason why the 60cm wire the highest resistance is that the ammeter and the voltmeter could have been read incorrectly. One reason why the 100cm wire and the 80cm wire had a smaller resistance than the 60cm wire is that the coils of wire could have touched. If this did happen the length of the wire would be shortened. The current would take the easiest route, this being the shorter one meaning the current wont have taken long to travel along the wire. The more coils that touched the more the length of wire would have been shortened. There would have been less collision between the atoms of the wire and the electrons of the current. Also as the current wont have had as far to travel the electrons wont have had to squeeze together for as long as predicted. If this did happen I predict using the graph that the 100cm wire was decreased to an estimated 58cm, and that the 80cm wire was reduced to an estimated 55cm. I cannot prove that this is true, it is just a prediction. The sketch below shows what the graph looked like: The sketch below shows how I expected the graph to look: Evaluation I think that the 60cm, 80cm and the 100cm wires were all anomalous results. I think that all of these results are anomalous because the 60cm wire had a higher resistance than the 80cm and the 100cm wires , however the 80cm and 100cm wires had a lower resistance than the 60cm wire. I cannot tell which of the above statement is correct. The results could be anomalous because the ammeter and voltmeters were read incorrectly. Making the 60cm wire have a higher resistance than it should have had, or resulting in the 80cm and 100cm wires have a lower resistance than it should have had. The coils of wire on the 80cm and the 100cm wire could have touched, resulting in the length of the wire being shortened. This therefore would reduce the resistance of the wire because the current would take the easies route, which is the shortest instead of taking the longest route around the coil. This means that there would have been less collisions between the atoms of the wire and the electrons of the current. Therefore the current would have flowed faster than expected. Also as the electrons wouldnt have had as far to travel as predicted they wouldnt have had to squeeze together for as long, meaning there would have been less collisions between electrons and other electrons. The 60cm wire could have already been used. This means that it could have still held an electrical charge which would increase the resistance of the wire. Also all of the ice in the boiling tube could have melted meaning that the temperature would have increased, resulting in the resistance being increased. If I could repeat the investigation again there would be a number of changes that I would make. One of these changes would to decrease the lengths of the wire. The 100cm wire was too long and it was difficult to wrap the wire around the boiling tube without any of the coils touching. Also I could have used a bigger boiling tube that had a wider diameter. It would be easier to wrap the wire around the boiling tube without any of the coils touching. Also if more repetitions were done there would be less chance of anomalous results appearing. If I did the experiment again I would change the ice after each experiment. Therefore none of the ice would melt completely and the temperature wouldnt rise I dont think that the voltmeter and ammeter were read incorrectly because there are no massive changes in the two reading on the table. If I was to repeat the investigation I would make sure that the wire was new wire that hadnt been previously used and that the wire came from the same strip. I wouldnt change my graph because I fell that it is clear and easy to see where each length of wire is. Bibliography Below is a list of web sites that I used to fin out background knowledge for the investigation: www. essaybank. co. uk www. goggle. com www. sciencefinder. org www. sciencenet. org Here is a list of books that I used in my investigation:Â   Coordinated Science Physics Also I use Encarta 99 to find out information for the investigation.

Yeasts Case Study Essay Example for Free

Yeasts Case Study Essay Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described[1] (estimated to be 1% of all fungal species).[2] Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may become multicellular through the formation of a string of connected budding cells known as pseudohyphae, or false hyphae, as seen in most molds.[3] Yeast size can vary greatly depending on the species, typically measuring 3–4 Â µm in diameter, although some yeasts can reach over 40 Â µm.[4] Most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by an asymmetric division process called budding. By fermentation, the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols – for thousands of years the carbon dioxide has been used in baking and the alcohol in alcoholic beverages.[5] It is also a centrally important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to gather information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology.[6] Other species of yeast, such as Candida albicans, are opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in humans. Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,[7] and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term yeast is often taken as a synonym for Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[8] but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla: the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts (true yeasts) are classified in the order Saccharomycetales.[9]

Causes of Prion Diseases

Causes of Prion Diseases Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathys can be inheritable or transmissible, a common feature of the prion disease involves the change of the prion protein (PrPc) to the isoform PrPsc (Hu et al, 2007). Prion propagation involves a mechanism that changes PrPc to PrPsc in an autocatalytic way (Harris and True, 2006). PrPc is said to be the normal prion protein and PrPsc the scrapie isoform which is the mutagenic Prion protein said to be the un-normal form. Prion diseases can occur in both humans and animals, an though in humans they are particularly rare (Hur et al, 2002). They are known to be fatal neurodegenerative diseases (Hur et al, 2002). Hur et al (2002) said that the reason that there has become an increased interest in Prion diseases in science and health is because they are biologically different in their features compared with other known neurodegenerative diseases and that there are many gaps in the knowledge of prion diseases, for example the pathogenesi s, what causes the mutagenic prion protein and where prion diseases first arose from . The PrPsc isoform which is known to be the most common feature of the prion disease is dominated by a beta sheet containing strong hydrogen bonds and this structure is twisted, many researchers have found that the strong hydrogen bonds make this isoform resistant to digestion protein kinase k meaning that this protein can build up particularly in the brain tissue causing neuronal damage and therefore possibly leading to prion diseases. (Harris and true, 2006). Hu et al (2007) said that because the PrPsc isoform is protein kinase k resistant it isnt broken down and therefore increasingly accumulates in the brain tissue of patients with prion diseases and causes further neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases commence from the build up and the wrong conformational folding of a protein, the biological activity of a protein depends on its correct folding in the native conformation (Soto et al, 2002). Strong evidence has been shown that protein misfolding plays a major role in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy pathogenesis (Soto et al, 2002). There are many different types of prion diseases that have been found in both humans and animals one example includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and another example is Kuru (Hu et al, 2007). Examples of prion diseases concerned with animals include scrapie. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is also an animal prion disease which is also referred to as mad cow disease (Hu et al, 2002). Different forms of prion diseases both human and animal forms are associated with different forms of PrPsc (Soto et al, 2002). Many mutations in the PrPsc protein in prion disease have been found and linked to the different forms of Prion disease. The polymorphism at codon 129 has been found to play a major role in the phenotypic expression of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease which is the most frequent type of Prion disease (Mikol, 1999). Mutations and insertions have been found to be involved in another from of human prion disease known as familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Mikol 1999). A common mutation at cod on 178 had been found in the first case. Kuru is an acquired from of the prion disease, this can be characterised by kuru plaques which have been found in seventy percent of cases (Mikol, 1999). There has become recent interest in the kuru disease because of an increased resistance to this diseases. Kuru has the characteristic of quickly degenerating the central nervous system and it is fatal (Goldfarb, 2002). There was an outbreak of kuru which killed many people in new guinea most of these people were from a small area populated by a culture known as fore people (Goldfarb, 2002). It is not widely known how Prion diseases first developed in humans and animals but it is thought that kuru became transmitted to humans via cannibalism (Goldfarb, 2002). It was pursued in this culture to eat relatives who had died , therefore resulting in human to human transmission (Mead et al, 2009). By the late 1950s there was a stop to cannibalism and correlating with this the umber of people dying w ith kuru decreased also no person after the `1950,s had developed Kuru (Goldfarb, 2002). However how kuru first appeared in the fore people is still unclear, but a conclusion has been made that the kuru epidemic must have started with a single person who died from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and then was eaten by traditional cannibalism . Many studies have aimed to find the mutations involved in Kuru. The methionine/valine variation encoded by the 129 codon in the PRNP gene has been recorded in many Kuru patients, a recent study has shown that the 129 genotype is associated with an increased vunerability to Kuru (Goldfarb, 2002). Goldfarb 2002 found that in the fore culture the 129 genotype methionine/methionine was the most common in patients suffering from Kuru at an early age and that a change to methionine/valine showed that Kuru developed at a later age. Methionine/valine, valine/valine carriers survived the Kuru epidemic, codon 129 heterogeneity is thought to therefore be a resi stance factor for Kuru disease (Mead et al, 2009). Mead et al also studied another polymorphism which was thought to be linked to kuru, the G127V polymorphism. They concluded that this G127V gene is an agent gained that provides resistance to Kuru in a heterogeneous state and isnt a mutation which could have caused the Kuru epidemic (Mead et al, 2009). Many hypothesise have been developed in order to try and explain prion diseases, however none have been fully accepted. The most common hypothesis is the Prion hypothesis which suggests that the agent causing neurodegeneration is the prion protein but the mutagenic form which escapes protein kinas k digestion and remains in brain tissue causing neuronal damage (Yull et al, 2008).The Prion hypothesis states that the infectious agent of prion diseases is an abnormally folded isoform of the prion protein (PrPsc) that replicates its abnormal conformation (Baskakov and Breydo, 2006). Strong evidence has been shown that protein misfolding has a major role in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy pathogenesis (Soto et al, 2002). A number of hypotheses have been made in order to try and explain the pathogenesis of prion diseases, they all correlate to the prion protein hypothesis indicating that the mutated prion protein PrPsc is involved in the pathogenesis. One hypothesis links the pathogenesis to oxidative stress and suggests that PrPc is involved in making sure that cells dont become damaged by oxidative stress (Westergard, 2007). The change in the function of PrPc for example by a mutation/ misfolding may therefore be linked to the role in disease (Westergard, 2007). Oxidants are produced as the result of another action in respiration usually via abnormal anaerobic respiration in many people with neurodegenerative diseases (Hur et al, 2002). Levels of MDA can indicate oxidative stress, this is a reactive aldehyde which causes toxic stress in cells and as a result generates the production of free radicals, levels, levels of MDA have been found a higher levels in scrapie infected mice showing an involvement of oxidative stress (Hur et al, 2002).. It has therefore been suggested that the normal prion protein PrPc protects cells from oxidative stress and therefore an abnormal form of this protein will allow oxidative stress and therefore cause damage to neurones and therefore leading to prion diseases (Westergard, 2007). Evidence has also been found that the PrPc protein has SOD (Superoxide dimutase) activity and that the PrPc uses detoxification to remove any reactive oxygen species that could cause oxidative damage in cells, however other studies have found evidence against this therefore further work needs to be done to confirm this. One way that the PrPc protein has been found to stop oxidative damage is indirectly by increasing the cell components such as proteins, for example a combination of copper-zinc SOD that can remove and damage and circulating reactive oxidative species, therefore a mutated from of the prion protein would ail to do this meaning that oxidative species remain in brain tissue causing neuronal damage (Westergard et al, 2007). However Westergard et al (2007) said that these results had failed to become repetitive in other scientific research. Copper may also be involved in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Copper is a substance necessary to the function of many enzymes (Westergard et al, 2007). Abnormal metabolisms in the body have been linked with many neurodegenerative diseases, it is thought that copper ions can change the properties of the normal prion protein (Westergard, 2007). Hur et al (2002) have reported that iron is involved in neurodegenerative diseases, scientists have shown that the amount of fe3+ is much higher in the brains of scrapie infected people, fe3+ is needed for free radical formation , concluding that there is a link to oxidative stress and neuronal damage therefore contributing to prion diseases (Hur et al, 2002). A role of the immune system in the propagation of prion diseases ahs been studied and suggests that inflammatory processors for example cytokines play a part in causing neuronal damage in prion diseases (Hur et al, 2002). The role of PrPc and the immune system still remains unknown(Hur et al, 2002). Although many hypotheses have been suggested many are still unclear. Other models for example the cells death model which links necrosis and apoptosis to the formation of a prion disease are still unclear further research needs to be done to support this model. To conclude many scientists have found that the PrPsc protein is the main cause of neuronal damage in patients. Mutations have been researched to find out the mutations linked to the disease. It is unclear of the pathogenesis of prion diseases as many hypotheses have been suggested. How prion diseases first arose is still unclear and how they are transmitted is still undergoing scientific research. References Baskakov I.V, Breydo L, 2007, Converting the prion protein: what makes the protein infectious. Cohen.F.E, 1999, Protein Misfolding and prion disease, Academic press. Goldfarb.L.G, 2002, Kuru; the old epidemic in a new mirror, Elsevier. Harris.D.A, True.H.L, 2006, New insights into prion structure and toxicity, Elsevier inc. Hur.K, Kim.J, Choir.S, Choir.E.K, Carp.R, Kim.Y.S, 2002, The pathogenic mechanisms of prion disease, Elsevier science. Hu.W, Kieseir.B, Frohman.E, Eagar.T.N, Rodger.N.R, Hartung.H.P, Stuve, 2007, Prion proteins: Physiological functions and role in neurological disorders, journal of neurological sciences. Mead.S, Whitfield.M.A, Poulter.M, Shah.P, Uphill J, Campbell, Al-Dujaily, Hummerich.H, Beck.J, Mein.C.A, Verzilli.C, Whittaker.J, Alpers.M.P, Collinge.J, 2009, A Novel Protective Prion Protein Variant that Colocalizes with Kuru Exposure, Massachusetts Medical Society. Mikol.J., 1999, Neuropathology of prion diseases, Elsevier science. Soto.C, Sabotio.G.P, Anderes.L, 2002, Cyclic amplification of protein misfolding: application to prion related disorders and beyond, Elsevier science. Westergard.L, Christensen H.M, Harris D.A, 2007, The cellular prion protein (PrPc):Its physiological function in disease, Elsevier. Yull.H.M, Ironside J.W, Head.M.W, 2009, Further characterisation of the prion protein molecular types detectable in the NIBSC Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease brain reference materials, Elsevier science.

Judaism :: essays research papers fc

Judaism Judaism is intrinsically open to history. It looks forward to a future event - the messianic redemption - that will dwarf the importance of Exodus. This paper will discuss the important holidays of the Jewish year and a look into the Holocaust from a Jewish standpoint. I talked to a friend of mine, Josh Cohen. Josh practices Conservative Judaism. I also retrieved some information from a book The Jewish Way; Living the Holidays. Rabbi Irving Greenburg wrote it. I will first explain the holidays I discussed with Josh, and then discuss Josh growing up in the Jewish culture. "They particularly exemplify the focus on developing human capacity in the Sabbath and days of awe. The primary, Holy days that nurture personal life along the way. The Sabbat, on a weekly basis, and Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippers, annually, are the key periods of individual family renewal. These holidays accomplish their goals primarily by lifting the individual out of a routine that controls, too often, deadens daily life." The Sabbat is their weekly ceremony, held Friday evenings, to celebrate the end of a work week. Rosh Hashanah - Yom Kipper is the core that of being on trial for ones life. During that trial one moves from life through death to renewed life. Also discussed in this paper is Hanukkah, the festival of lights. Hanukkah stands for the temple that burned to the ground. The Jewish people only had an oil lamp to provide light for six nights and seven days. Therefore that is why they celebrate Hanukkah for six nights and seven days. Passover is also discussed. It is a time where Jewish families are to be fasting, no bread or meat. This last one week. Similar to the Christian Easter celebration. When a Jewish boy turns, age thirteen into an adult Jew they know it as a Bar Mitzvah. In order for this to happen a young teenage boy must attend Hebrew school. They usually take place a couple times a week. There are three types of Judaism worship Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. Orthodox would be the most religious, Conservatism being middle of the road, and Reform being the least practiced. Josh grew up into the Orthodox beliefs because of his grandparents. Josh's grandparents, his father's mother and father, were Orthodox. His mother's, mother and father were Conservative. Eventually his mother and father switched over to the Conservative beliefs. The Orthodox beliefs would show the in the center and the women on the outside. They viewed women as caretakers. There are three temples in the city of Toledo.

Why is it hard to build a good relationship? :: Ethical Issues, Lying, Cheating

The word relationship is defined as the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. In daily life, we always have a relationship with other people. Biologically, our relationship with parents is made up when we were born. Also we are making a new relationship with a friend, boss, and girlfriend, but there some factors that it makes hard to keeping a relationship such as lying, cheating, and misunderstanding. Most of our relationships are built on trust other people. However, different perspectives can lead us to the hierarchical relationship. On the other hand, in different circumstances, people can be changed, so it gives a chance to get closer each other. Our daily life relationships are built on trusting other people. Generally, many people think that trustable relationships don’t have secrets, and don’t lie to each other. In addition to that we may feel more comfortable to have a trustable relationship, because they are always willing to help each other by telling the truth. When I was in high school, I remember one of my best friend who is extremely nice and positive person that I know. I had an unstable relationship with my girlfriend. He always stands by me, and tried to help me out every single time. I could tell him everything about my relationship, because I know I can trust him, and he gave me some superb advices to recover my relationship. In Kite Runner, we can find the relationship between Baba and his son Amir. Baba always protects Amir, and Amir feels very pleasant to have Baba as his father, because they trust each other. Amir says, â€Å"wanted Baba all to himself† (13), and thinks that â€Å"how lucky he was to have Baba as his father† (39). Baba also had a trust on Amir, since he won the kite tournament that â€Å"agreed to everything Amir asked† (81). After Amir won the kite tournament, Baba opened his heart a little bit, because now trusts Amir about that he can stand up himself a little bit. However, Baba said, â€Å"There is only one sin, And that is theft†¦ When you tell a lie, you steal someone’s right to the truth†(225). But it turns out he lied to his son Amir that he have another brother, who name is Hassan, Amir going to â€Å"reconcile†(226) the image of Baba that he haven been thinking of.

Stalking :: essays research papers fc

Based on a study done by Schwartz-Watts and Morgan at the American Academy of Psychology Law, they found that stalking was far more prevalent than anyone had imagined: 8% of American women and 2% of American men will be stalked in their lifetimes. That’s 1.4 million American stalking victims every year. The majority of stalkers have been in relationships with their victims, but significant percentages either never met their victims, or were just acquaintances - neighbors, friends or co-workers. I have broken down types of stalkers into three broad categories: Intimate partner stalkers, delusional stalkers and vengeful stalkers. Obviously, there is overlap. Intimate partner stalkers are typically known as the guy who "just can’t let go." These are most often men who refuse to believe that a relationship has really ended. Often, other people - even the victims - feel sorry for them. But they shouldn’t. Studies show that the vast majority of these stalkers are not sympathetic, lonely people who are still hopelessly in love, but were in fact emotionally abusive and controlling during the relationship. Many have criminal histories unrelated to stalking. Well over half of stalkers fall into this "former intimate partner" category. Delusional stalkers frequently have had little, if any, contact with their victims. They may have major mental illnesses like schizophrenia, manic-depression or erotomania. What they all have in common is some false belief that keeps them tied to their victims. In erotomania, the stalker’s delusional belief is that the victim loves him. This type of stalker actually believes that he is having a relationship with his victim, even though they might never have met. The woman stalking David Letterman, the stalker who killed actress Rebecca Schaeffer and the man who stalked Madonna are all examples of erotomanic stalkers. The final category of stalker is not lovelorn. He is the vengeful stalker. These stalkers become angry with their victims over some slight, real or imagined. Politicians, for example, get many of these types of stalkers who become angry over some piece of legislation or program the official sponsors. But, disgruntled ex-employees can also stalk, whether targeting their former bosses, co-workers or the entire company. Some of these angry stalkers are psychopaths, i.e. people without conscience or remorse. Some are delusional, (most often paranoid), and believe that they, in fact, are the victims. They all stalk to "get even." In general, for any type of stalker, the less of a relationship that actually existed prior to the stalking, the more mentally disturbed the stalker.

Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

The aim of this papers is to measure the environmental impact and execute a hazard appraisal of a MSW incineration works edifice undertaking for a metropolis with 100,000 population near the Loch of Skene, Aberdeenshire. Assuming that mean MSW arising in UK is 509 kilogram per person per twelvemonth, a 50,000 metric tons per annum incineration installation is required, with a 60 m tallness stack, and a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle. The lower calorific value of MSW should be at least 7MJ/kg, mass firing engineering will be applied with a movable grating, the one-year sum of waste for incineration should be no less than 50,000 metric tons. Loch of Skene is an unreal lake located 15 kilometer West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is designated as a Particular Protection Area for wildlife preservation intents. The proposed MSW incineration works will be surrounded by several small towns and the Westhill metropolis 2.5 kilometer off. The proposed incineration works may hold an inauspicious consequence on the air quality within a big country, contaminate dirt, harvests and exercise a noxious to wellness impact on a great figure of people. It can besides upset or even destruct really sensitive ecosystems of the Loch of Skene. Based on the above mentioned statements, it is recommended that the proposed incineration works should be moved to the bing landfill, ( Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the evidences already exist far from communities and would non upset them because it would hold the same impact as the landfill operation before ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is besides recommended that the incineration procedure should be applied in waste-to-energy engineerings. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command sums of emanations based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Number of words used – 3316. Excluding Submission sheet, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables and References.Table OF CONTENTS1 INTRODUTION 5 1.1 Loch of Skene location 5 1.2 Loch of Skene Environment 5 1.3 Incineration Plant Location 7 1.4 MSW arising and incineration in Scotland 7 2 INCINERATION LEGISLATION 9 2.1 Environmental Licensing 9 2.2 Techniques & A ; Technology applied 9 2.3 Public engagement 9 2.4 Waste Incineration Regulations 9 3 INCINERATION PLANT 10 3.1 Incineration engineerings 10 3.2 Energy recovery from waste 11 3.3 Pollution lessening engineerings 11 3.4 Main residuary stuffs managing 11 3.5 Incineration works cost 12 3.6 Incineration workss with energy recovery in Scotland 12 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13 4.1 Air and Land 13 4.2 Water 13 5 SWOT/PEST Analysis 14 6 RISK ASSESSMENT 15 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 17 7.1 Decision 17 7.2 Recommendations 17 8 Mentions 19List OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location 5 Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene 6 Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) 10 Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix 15 Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) 18List OF TABLESTable 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland 7 Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators & A ; co-incinerators 8 Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in Scotland 8 Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incineration 11 Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration processes 12 Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysis 14INTRODUTIONLoch of Skene locationThe Loch of Skene is located about 15 km West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is a shoal ( 2 m deep ) , and little ( an country of 1.2 km2 ) lowland loch. Figure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location Administratively, the Loch of Skene is located in the Garioch commission country in Aberdeenshire. The country is largely agricultural and strongly affected by Aberdeen economic system. Several small towns ( Dunecht, Echt, Lyne of Skene, Kirkton of Skene ) and Westhill town ( 10392 dad ) ( 1 ) are located near the Loch. Now, the loch is used for sailing by the Aberdeen and Stonehaven Yacht Club, from April boulder clay June.Loch of Skene EnvironmentThe loch of Skene has inland H2O organic structures with standing H2O and waterlogged lakeshores. The loch is surrounded with deciduous and cone-bearing forest. During fall and winter the loch supports an internationally of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. This site qualifies under Article 4.1 of the Directive ( 79/409/EEC ) as back uping populations of the undermentioned European of import migratory species ( Whooper Swan and Graylag Goose ) listed in Annex 1 of the Directive ( 2 ) . A recent JNCC ( 3 ) study states that: ‘Whooper Swan – 203 persons stand foring up to 3.7 % of the wintering population in GB and Graylag Goose, 10840 persons stand foring up to 10.8 % of the wintering Iceland/UK/Ireland population. ‘ The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site. Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene The loch is alimentary rich, which consequences from sewerage installations and agricultural beginnings. The natural ecology has been disturbed by inputs of foods, chiefly from the four Burnss that drain their catchments. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) .Incineration Plant LocationThe Company has proposed installing of an incineration works for the metropolis with a population of 100,000 near the Loch of Skene. In Scotland, in 2008/09, Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) coevals was 3,288.069 metric tons ( 4 ) . Local governments collected 29.1 MM metric tons of MSW in England and 1.8 MM metric tons in Wales during 2006/07. This included 25.9 MM metric tons of waste from families ( 1.6 MM metric tons in Wales ) – that is approx. half of metric ton or 509 kilograms per individual every twelvemonth, so 100,000 population will bring forth in mean 50,900 ton/year of MSW. And this requires a 50,000 me tric tons per annum incineration installation with a 60 m stack tallness, a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle ( 5 ) .MSW arising and incineration in ScotlandMunicipal solid waste originating in Scotland in 2008/09 was 3.29 MMton. This is the lowest value in a period of 2004-2009. In 2003, the Scots Executive set a mark that any growing in municipal waste should discontinue by 2010 ( 4 ) . Data in the tabular array below show the general tendency of MSW originating and bespeak a decrease of MSW achieved in 2004/5 and 2008/9 by 3.5 % . Table 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland Incineration and co-incineration workss received about 336,000 metric tons of waste in 2008, Table 2.1. Municipal waste makes up 26.2 % of the entire waste. It should be noted that 14,000 metric tons of refuse-derived fuels were sent to England for incineration in 2008. In 2008, there were two municipal waste incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland ( Dundee and Shetland Islands ) . Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators & A ; co-incinerators A SEPA ( 4 ) study provinces that, ‘In 2008, 119,000 metric tons ( 35 % ) were recovered and 217,000 metric tons ( 65 % ) were disposed. This was an addition of 82,000 metric tons over 2007. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an addition of 82,000 metric tons ( 220 % ) in the sum of waste recovered. ‘ ( p.28 ) Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in ScotlandINCINERATION LEGISLATIONEnvironmental LicensingIncineration installations are a topic of environmental licensing demands as Part A installings under the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( IPPC ) requires portion A installings to run in such a manner that all preventive steps are taken against pollution, in peculiar through the application of the best available techniques, and to guarantee that no important pollution is caused ( 8 ) In conformity with the SEPA policy, an applicant must confer with with SEPA at a every early phase on the nature of the environmental licence required.Techniques & A ; Technology appliedThe chief footing for finding the appropriate criterions that should be applied in a PPC license is known as the best available techniques ( BAT ) The PPC ( 11 ) ordinances define this as, ‘the most effectual and advanced phase in the development of activities and their methods of operation, which indicates practical suitableness of peculiar techniques for supplying in chief the footing for emanation bound values designed to forestall and, where that is non operable, by and large to cut down emanations and the impact on the environment as a whole. ‘ ( p.2 )Public engagementHarmonizing to the Public Participation Directive ( 10 ) , a waste thermic intervention works application shall be capable to heighten public engagement. This involves public audience on the application when it is received by SEPA and farther public audience when SEPA has come to any determination on a bill of exchange PPC license.Waste Incineration RegulationsThe Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( 96/61/EC ) was established to forestall or understate emanations into the air, H2O, and dirt, every bit good as waste ( 8 ) . The Waste Incineration ( Scotland ) Regulations ( SSI2003/170 ) introduce rigorous regulative controls, whereby all emanations are invariably monitored, and minimal proficient demands for waste incinerator have been established ( 9 ) . The Public Participation Directive ( 2003/35/EC ) requires that the application and determination papers for a waste intervention installing license must be made available to the populace for their remark ( 10 ) .Incineration PLANTIncineration engineeringsAt present, approximately 96 % of MSW generated in Scotland are disposed of in landfills, and staying MSW is incinerated with energy recovery. Harmonizing to the Landfill Directive ( 12 ) , it a pre-treatment operation is required prior to a disposal of waste. The recreation of these stuffs is one of the most important challenges confronting the direction of MSW in Scotland. Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) Presently there are three chief engineerings available for MSW incineration. Grate Technologies Traveling Grate ( The Roller Grate, the stepped Inclined Grate, Inclined Counter-Rotating Grate ) Fixed Grates – these are a series of stairss with waste being moved by a series of random-access memories Fluidised Bed Bubbling Fluidised Bed – the air flow is sufficient to call up the bed and supply good contact with the waste Go arounding Fluidised Bed – the air flow for this type of unit is higher and therefore atoms are carried out of the burning chamber by the fluke gas. Rotary Kiln – incineration in a rotary kiln is usually a two phase procedure dwelling of a kiln and separate secondary burning chamber.Energy recovery from wasteIncineration procedures are designed to retrieve energy from waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported offsite. Useful energy that can be generated from an incineration works utilizing a boiler to bring forth steam is presented in the tabular array below ( 13 ) .End productsEfficiencyUseHeat merely Up to 80-90 % thermic efficiency Local territory warming for edifices ( residential, commercial ) and or for industrial procedures Electricity 14-27 % Can be supplied to the national grid for sale and distribution Heat and power Dependant on specific demand for heat and power Combination of the above Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incinerationPollution lessening engineeringsA common attack to command emanations is as follows: Ammonia injection into hot flue gases to command NOx emanations Lime or Na hydrogen carbonate injection to command SO2 and HCL Carbon injection to capture heavy metals A filter system to take fly ash and other solids ( calcium hydroxide or hydrogen carbonate and C ) Electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers The control of CO, VOCs and dioxins in footings of their concentration is chiefly though right burning conditions being maintained. Typically the weight of Air Pollution Control Residues ( APCR ) produced will be around 2-6 % of the weight of the waste come ining the incinerator ( 13 ) .Main residuary stuffs managingThe tabular array below shows the cardinal end products from incineration procedures ( 13 ) .End productsStateMeasure by weight of original wasteRemarkIncinerator underside ash ( IBA ) Solid residue 20-30 % Potential usage as aggregative replacing or non biodegradable, not risky waste for disposal Metallic elements Requires separation from MSW or IBA 2-5 % Sold for re-smelting APC residues ( including fly ash, agents and waste H2O ) Solid residue/liquid 2-6 % Hazardous waste for disposal Emissions to atmosphere Gaseous 70-75 % Cleaned burning merchandises Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration proceduresIncineration works costCapital costs of an incinerator are extremely dependent on the quality of waste to be processed, engineering employed and its location. The costs will consist those associated with the purchase of the incinerator works, and besides costs for land procurance and readying prior to edifice and besides indirect costs, such as planning, allowing, contractual support and proficient and fiscal services over the development rhythm. Examples of incineration works capital costs are provided below: 50,000 tpa ?25m 136,000 tpa ?35m 265,000 tpa ?51mIncineration workss with energy recovery in ScotlandPresently the UK has 19 incinerators in operation processing MSW. In 2005-2006, they processed approx 2.8 MM tones of MSW per annum produced in England. As illustrations of incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland there are Dundee ( 14 ) and Shetland ( 15 ) Waste to Energy Plants. DERL Waste to Energy Plant, Dundee ( 120,000tpa ) . Value: ?35 MM Construction period: 140 hebdomads Year completed: 1999 The works consumes 2.2 MW for in-house burden and exports 8.2 MW to the grid. 10.5 MW are produced by a individual steam turbine generator. Shetland Waste to Energy Plant, Shetland Islands ( 26,000tpa ) Project period: 1994-200 Client: Shetland Island Council Investing: Turnkey contract approx 100 MM DKK Heating consequence: 7 MW The works consists of a fire tubing boiler with a supply temperature of 1150C. Further, 100 % chilling capacity is installedENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTAir and LandMSW incinerators are normally fed with a assorted waste flow and combustion of such waste leads to risky substances ab initio present within the waste being mobilised into releases from the incineration works. Whatever control engineering is applied, all types of incineration consequence in releases of toxic substances as ashes and in gases to air. These substances comprise heavy metals, assorted organic compounds, such as dioxins, furans, H fluoride, and C dioxide. Therefore, for the continuance of incineration, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ( dioxins ) and dibenzofurans ( furans ) , hexachlorobenzene ( HCB ) , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB ) may be by chance generated and released. Pollutants that are emitted into the ambiance from incinerator stack, every bit good as ephemeral emanations, may be deposited o n the dirt near to the incinerator and pollute the local environment. Since the country environing the Loch of Skene is largely agricultural, it may impact the productiveness and quality of agricultural merchandises ( dirt and harvests taint ) . These pollutants including dioxins and PCBs may besides be transported to great distances by air currents. Live stock may besides take in pollutants, mostly through feeding of contaminated flora. The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site with an of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. An incineration works during the building and operating stages may destruct these comparatively little and sensitive ecosystems. All types of incinerators produce dioxin. Dioxin causes wellness jobs including malignant neoplastic disease, altered sexual development, generative jobs, and suppression of the immune system, diabetes and hormonal effects.WaterWater pollution may originate during the building and operation stages of the proposed incinerator. The major subscriber of H2O pollution for the continuance of development comes from deposits transported to streams ensuing from dirt eroding and disposal of sewerage from the building cantonment and site office. After completion and commissioning of the works, sewerage from the works countries and waste H2O watercourse from chilling H2O blow down, rinsing and seepage storage cavity may be the major beginnings of H2O pollution. Since there are godforsaken H2O intervention workss build in Dunecht and Lyne of Skene and these discharge foods to the Kinnernie and Kirktonbridge Burnss, which later drain into the loch, the Loch of Skene is considered to be at high haz ard of neglecting to accomplish good ecological position. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) .SWOT/PEST AnalysisSWOT/PESTEL analysis Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Political UK authorities support on development new incineration installations Local councils may object Develop local assets Economic Long-run contract to bringing of waste to incineration works High investing cost Monetary values of energy from waste incinerators have to fixed by gov. Inability to pay the full intervention fee Social Introduce new occupations to country Impact on local agreeableness Build visitant Centre to enable local groups to see works and larn dallier about incineration procedure Expostulation and protest from concerned citizens Technical Significantly cut down the sum of waste to be landfilled Measure and quality of waste Use waste-to-energy engineering Poor working waste direction system Environmental High degree of emanations criterions Air emanations, noise, dust, smell Introduce environmental systems and control to assist bolster image Poor works direction Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysisRISK ASSESSMENTThe rule of hazard appraisal is to measure the possible hazard to human wellness, safety and the environment finding the chance of jobs to happen, and researching alternate solutions. This involves seting extenuations in topographic point by finding countries, where initial hazard diminution should be considered. Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix Legend: 1 = Very High Hazard ; Additional Considerations Required 2 = High Risk ; Additional Considerations Required 3 = Moderate Risk ; Additional Considerations Recommended. 4 = Possible Risk ; Additional Considerations at Discretion of the Team 5 = Negligible Risk ; Additional Considerations Not Required S = Severity, L = Likelihood, RR = Risk Ranking.HazardCauseConsequenceHazard MatrixExtenuationSecondLiterRRConstruction stageNoise and dust building activities and truck traffic Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control and timing of noise emanations, informing local community Construction waste Land renewal and building activities 3 3 3 Waste conveyance and disposal in preies for reuse or in landfills Health and safety Accidents to workers and members of the local community Lack of safety ordinances and uncontrolled entree to the building site 2 3 3 Provide protective shutting, follow safety ordinances, prevent unauthorized entree to the building site by fencing and dark security guard Biodiversity Land renewal and building activities devastation of the natural ecosystem at the installation site 2 3 3 Paving of storage and operation countries, drainage and effluent directionOperating stageDust production From waste trucks during waste transit and handling Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 Pull offing of offloading processs during bringings, good housework Noise pollution Truck traffic and operation of the incinerator Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control of timing of noise emanations, Min 500 m off from residential countries Odour production Waste bringings and storage Impact on human wellness 3 3 3 Covered waste trucks, response hall with an automatically closed door, little negative force per unit area to forestall odour get awaying Spillage of ash Leached by surface H2O into the environing drainage system Loss of risky waste to open H2O 1 3 3 Regular site cleansing, control of all processs Fleeting emanations Dust, calcium hydroxide and ash, release to the air from the installing Impact on human wellness 1 3 3 Delivery and storage direction of fuels, natural stuffs, byproducts and waste Health and safety jeopardies Emission of dioxins and other toxic pollutants from the stack Impact on human wellness, perchance carcinogenic and to be a tumour booster 1 3 3 Using activated C, dry calcium hydroxide and fabric filters to command dioxin emanations Continuous monitoring and describing emanations of NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, HCL, TOC from the stack,CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONSDecisionThe proposed undertaking of an Incineration works installing near the Loch of Skene could ensue in inauspicious environmental impacts on really sensitive loch ecosystems. The local community is besides at hazard of possible impacts of pollutants released from the stack of the waste incinerator. There is a high hazard with allowing issues because the Loch of Skene is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site.RecommendationsThe site of incinerator should be moved to the bing landfill ( for illustration, the Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the location is already far from the communities and will non upset them because its operation is the same as that of the landfill operation ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is suggested that the apply incineration procedure should be designed to retrieve energy from the waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported off site. It is suggested impersonal nomenclature, the â€Å" MSW Processing Plant † should be applied alternatively of the â€Å" MSW Incineration Plant † . The Design and Architecture of the Plant should non resemble a typical incineration works. The sum of incinerated waste should non transcend the landfill capacity. Hazardous waste should be separated before waste is burned in the incinerator. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command the sum of emanations and their contents based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) – Crows Nest Landfill location, Banchory

A Business Information System

Gerald had neer established a electronic calculator administration in his home, let al ane in his office. His small business was suffering, and his three employees advance Gerald to set up a prefatory yet powerful breeding musical arrangement that would enable him to keep track of orders, inventory, paysheet information, and client account information. Selling dehydrated beans procured from organic farms around the United States and a recovering carnivore, Gerald had also been a techno-phobe for years. His employees had to do most of the treat setting up the computer arranging, turn uping from scratch.The following is a description of how Gerald set up his clubs information outline and made selling beans easier. after(prenominal) telling Gerald that his would unfortunately be neither an artificial give-and-take governing body nor one that used robotics, Jane, John, and Ollie purchased the fundamental pieces of hardware from a local electronics chain store. You real ly and need the basics of an office system including an accounting system, an inventory control system, payroll department system, and order entry system.Robotics and artificial intelligence are unnecessary to sell beans, they said. Next, the group prognosticated the local seam provider and procured blood line net approaching and the requi berth cable modem. on the whole three of them were fed up with conventional dial-up net access. Explaining the fundamentals of the Windows XP run system, the team showed Gerald how to launch the application software course preloaded on the computer, including the solitaire games, audio, video, and multimedia software.When he was familiar with employ his mouse and keyboard and with the operational system basics, Gerald learned how to access the Internet and World Wide weave use the Internet Explorer Web browser. The startle activities Gerald was eager to perform on the Internet included online shopping and d confessloading online music. Before long Gerald registered for online gaming sites. However, Jane, John, and Ollie also showed Gerald how to conduct online banking for his in the flesh(predicate) and professional accounts and also to manage his melodic line portfolio apply online investing.Jane also showed Gerald how to set up his e-mail accounts one was set up done the Internet Service supplier (ISP), but the other was a web-based throw-away e-mail point of reference to protect the primary address from SPAM. SPAM, Jane told Gerald, could be minimized by using the opt-out buttons on many Web page registration forms and by periodically change un cute cookies from the browser. Because Jane, John, and Ollie also wanted their own computer terminals, they talked Gerald into buying a computer for each(prenominal) of them.They therefore had to set up a computer network using a router and hub connecting all their Ethernet cables. Knowing the electromotive force for hacking and the negative impact una uthorized access could have on the business, the team mulish to purchase an external hardware firewall kinda than rely on software versions. Additionally, to impede hardware theft, Gerald purchased an electronic security system for the entire office, and John bought a batch suppressor for extra protection against data damage. Additionally, John showed Gerald how to perform regular backups using the CDRW drive.The team then showed Gerald how to run his antivirus program to scan for any computer virus, computer worm, or Trojan Horse that could jeopardize the system or network. Ollie also acquired slightly free anti-spyware and anti-malware software to do the company secure information privacy and proceed against identity theft. Once all the safeguards were in place, the network was up and running. Jane, John, and Ollie worked unneurotic on system development and system design. All three would also serve together as systems analysts and perform systems maintenance.If any syste m failure occurred that was beyond the capabilities of Jane, John, or Ollie, they would shout a local expert. In increment to inputting data into the payroll, accounting, and inventory systems, the team wanted to design a Web site for Gerald so that he could drum up more than business. Jane was put in accuse of page layout, which she gleaned from Web sites that she liked. She also created an airy GIF and a java applet for use on the home page of the web site. With his immense knowledge of HTML and java, Ollie was in peak of coding of the site.He created a all-around(prenominal) order entry system change all of Geralds customers to order beans directly from the Web site. The orders would immediately be tracked through the companys inventory processing system. John, with his foodstuffing background, favored to be less involved in the Web site design and more involved in customer relationship management (CRM). Writing an e-book about the diametrical beans that Gerald sold, including kidney, pinto, and lima, John also did most of the work on creating the computer inventory system.A graphic of each bean would help customers distinguish between the various legumes in the e-book, which described the health benefits and history of each bean. John also encouraged Gerald to start his own blog, telling customers about raw(a) bean recipes as well as about new retail market opportunities. Because they each had a wireless phone and remote access to the enterprise-wide system they had helped create, Jane, John, and Ollie talked Gerald into their telecommuting one day per week.

And the Earth Did not Devour Him by Tomas Rivera

As a dry land of immigrants, American report can non be written entirely in a single perspective specially of the ascendant ethnic group. A comprehensive delineation of our history requires the inclusion and accommodation of the experience of either member of modern American society.Tomas Riveras And the land did non devour him, is a literary subdivision that provides an supplemental presentation of the US history in the perspective a beleaguered group of Mexican upgradeers albeit sideway creating the impression that the US governance and its business capitalistic partners are the oppressors.The story was set sometime amid the 1940s and 1950s during which many Mexicans came to the US to give way as farmers under the Bracero (manual labor) Program.This program which was instituted by both(prenominal) the Mexican and US government to cover the motivating for manoeuverers lost during the previous world wars, became a furrow for the exploitation and social secretion o f the temporary men imported from Mexico instead of providing for the fair treatment of Mexicans workers in the US. Many transient Mexican workers (braceros) wickedly entered the US instead of returning to Mexico after the expiration of their work contracts.This prompted the US government to deport over 3 million Mexican migrants without proper regard to their unmarried rights, without effectively differentiating legal and amerciable migrants and without due setting to the disintegration of family relations.In a series of different stories often with unnamed characters, Tomas Riveras allegory in general captures the struggles and challenges in the lives of Hispanic migrant workers in their avocation in America.The Struggle of the Mexican AmericanMexico leads in the Latino in-migration to the U.S. The sharp rise of illegal immigrants from Mexico in particular with the Braceros program created political tensions between the US and Mexico. storey would almost always recount the illegal immigration of Mexican farmers by reporting the series of go used by the US government in combating illegal immigration.For example, aside from the massive deportation of illegal Mexican immigrants (i.e. Operation Wetback) initiated by the Eisenhower administration, the US government instigated a U.S.-Mexico free trade agreement with the target area of generating jobs in Mexico in order to prevent, discourage and belittle the pour of Mexican workers illegally entering the US soil.Strict laws that called for tighter restrictions on legal and illegal immigration to charm the U.S.-Mexico border were implemented.Later on, many American states adopted the position only policy which delegates English as the grievous bodily harm official language. The standardization of language was accordingly think to warrant the integration of Mexican immigrants in the American community. (Stacy, p 609-613)This example of historical account along with similar and related events tends to reduce the incidence of immigrant farm workers in the United States in American history as a mere issue of illegal immigration without due consideration and recognition to the unequaled experience and socio-political circumstances of Mexican migrant workers in South Texas.By recording the lives and recounting the traditional trails of an immigrant population, the novel produces in an artistic yet authentic literary piece the spiritual history of a sight thereby providing them a distinct cultural voice.In rest of their familys struggle to become part of America, the champion in the novel undergoes intimate and spiritual moments of end ones identity, family and society beyond the sheer politics of defying the dominant ending. In one instance, he even questioned divinity fudges wisdom in their plight.God could not care less about the poor. Tell me, wherefore must we live here like this? What waste we done to deserve this? Youre so favorable and yet you have to suffer so o ftentimes (Rivera, p 189)The stories in the novel practically served to embody and confirmed the hardships and brutalities that the immigrant Mexican farmers faced at work. In the story, That It Hurts, one boy was expelled from school because he was Mexican.In another(prenominal) terrifying story, The Children Couldnt Wait, a boy was killed because he couldnt comply with the bosss imperativeness that the workers should wait to drink water, a privilege freely endowed to cattle but not to the Mexican workers. The farmers bear long hours of intense work, modest intellectual nourishment and deficient accommodations in their camps for a meager pay.The children inevitable to join their parents in working in the handle to improve family earnings at the expense of not being able to attend school. Younger children incapable(p) to work were left to fend for themselves which made them undefendable to poor health conditions and other environmental risks.While the dilemma of the Mexican m igrant workers is comparable to the slavery of the blacks in the beginning on in the history of America, the novel depicts a young mans struggle for egotism identification which ended with a reaffirmation of his bicultural sensitiveness as well as his patrimony and devotion with America. The novel did not necessarily represent acerbity against the Anglo culture and resistance.Thus, people should reconsider the maltreatment of immigrant workers and the discrimination of ethnic minorities in general. For instance, the novel did not like a shot criticize the Anglo culture but only uses it for comparative discussion of differences aimed to create a sense of feel and community among the oppressed Mexicans.In the anecdote entitled The shadow before Christmas, the Mexican mother tells her children that, In Mexico, its not Santa clause who bring the gifts, but the collar wise men. And they dont come in the sixth of January, thats the real date.(Rivera, p130) In this example, the n ovel is not directly criticizing American culture but is surreptitiously protesting against a social lie of the dominant culture that utterly disregards the religious beliefs of Mexicans.

Faulty Organizational Behavior in Tyco International Ltd

intimately employees trigger constrain to and from the body of work to each one daylight with the as yettual(prenominal) coating to victorfully put to death their designate ruminate concord to c either(a)er-up regulars. These beau monde standards w spr popethorn take on agendas, flush statework forcets, overlord manner guidelines and even a mandate of morals. How employees postulate to equal familiarity standards whitethorn restrain their boilersuit appear or success. slice approximately whitethorn persuade from standards and fail, round another(prenominal)s whitethorn recoup themselves belong with cracks un noniced. both look, the rules were broken.This determineup completelyow meet the non lucreer suffered by Tyco planetary Ltd where chastenership, solicitude, and organisational tender organisations were compromised. let us start with the aft(prenominal)math. concord to MSNBC (2005), Kozlowski and Swartz were criminate of ope nhanded themselves to a greater extent(prenominal) than than $ one hundred fifty trillion in illegitimate bon riding habits and benevolent loans to themselves, in both event manipulating the come withs acquit determine (Corporate Scandals, mirror symmetry 14). Clearly, a grime had hit Tyco multinational Ltd. non only when did antecedent crystalize of the inning administrators flight strip themselves tautological specie, still they besides toyed around with the song expenditures.These actions had make the tidy workforce genuinely wealthy. They as well bear on the lives of other individuals. During the trial, Kozlowski and Swartz pointed out that distant WorldCom and Enron, Tyco keep to grow as a alliance after the shit (MSNBC, 2005). bandage this whitethorn pass been a legitimate point, we cannot throw out the accompaniwork forcet that stealing, fraud, and leniency had been establish in the confederation. outright we lead break down how t he management, lead, and organisational structure of Tyco internationalist Ltd contributed to this failure.Robbins and justness (2007) excuse how omnibuss arrange social units of an presidency in consecrate to bring home the bacon communal endeavors. counselling performs around(prenominal) give outs in a party that whitethorn admit planning, organizing, in the lead, and haughty (Robbins & Judge, 2007). As mentioned above, these functions ar performed in spite of appearance social units to carry through reciprocal goals focalise by the come with. Should divagation occur, it becomes the managers responsibleness to yield the employees certify on track. The management at Tyco internationalist Ltd strayed off course. rather of acting tasks for the greater rock-steady of all members of the social club, top xecutives allowed self-seeking to modulate decision- reservation. magic spell managerial functions may consume persevereed in place, the goals o f these functions became malicious. twitch executives began to plan, organize, lead and deem in a port that was not in the outmatch rice beer of all keep social club members. An substantial managerial function is leading. When managers act employees, accept the activities of others, ask the close impelling discourse channels, or thaw conflicts among members, theyre sweet in leading (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. ). Tyco experience a escape of sightly leadershiphip. dapple some of the conventionalism leadership was keep to attend the general success of the party, at that place were aras that were advisedly pointed in the pervert direction. The lead astray executives started to make decisions that final resulted in whacking sums of money direct their way. striving price enrolment and contraband bonuses represent leadership that was no longish in the beat out gratify of the company. These leaders chose to use baron in a self-gratifying way.As a resu lt, Kozlowski and Swartz entered a theatrical role that clear the executives inordinate life style after they pilfered some $600 gazillion from the company including a $2 jillion toga party for Kozlowskis married woman on a Mediterranean island and an $18 gazillion Manhattan flat with a $6,000 lavish provide (MSNBC, 2005). These men were making decisions that did not confer the companys boilersuit goal for success. The unlawful actions represent the damage of leadership. Tyco outside(a) Ltd experienced a gap in organisational deportment as a result of this soil.organisational port is touch on with actions of populate and how these peculiar(prenominal) actions and demeanours proceed the overall instruction execution of the company (Robbins & Judge, 2007). Kozlowski and Swartz exhibited crooked fashion and illegal actions for their benefit. Their actions bugger offd a scandal that changed the way that the normal and company members viewed Tyco multinatio nal Ltd. wrong practices conduct to fraud, stealing, and finally lying under oath (MSNBC, 2005). Overall, these men undermined the determine and standards of the company.They were prosecuted and Tyco world(prenominal) Ltd was fit to move forward. Today, Tyco supranational Ltd has an honorable standard in place. tally to Verschoor (2006), Against a gruesome background kat onceledge of corrupted ethics and failed governance, Ed Breen, Tyco head and CEO, began the sue of ethical ameliorate when he fall in the company in the essence of 2002 (p. 15). Tyco now has quartet karyon value that allow integrity, excellence, teamwork, and accountability. These set are listed and explained in the 40-page pamphlet titled The Tyco demand to ethical consider Doing the practiced liaison (Verschoor, 2006).Employees are urged to distinguish any wrong actions and moldiness remain tractable with all standards. conflicting other businesses set about with scandal, Tyco survi ved. Managers realize the indispensability for installment stern rules and standards that would supplicate enforcement. As a result, the organizational style of Tyco became more stable. red-hot standards make it more backbreaking for wrong behavior to creep by and cause scandal. Tyco external Ltd cancelled a invalidating incident into a discipline experience.ReferencesMSNBC.(2005).Ex-Tyco executives necessitate up to 25 old age in prison.Retrieved from http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9399803/ns/business-corporate_scandals Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2007). organizational expression (12th ed.). fastness consign River, NJ assimilator Hall. Verschoor, C. C. (2006,April). Tyco An respectable Metamorphosis. strategical Finance, 87(10), 15-16.